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Immunological and biological cancer therapy is now deployed in many settings and is beginning to improve outcomes for cancer patients.There is a pressing need for further innovation and we have developed a novel vaccine model based upon a highly immunologically stimulating viral vector, vesicular stomatitis virus, and expression ofcDNA libraries derived from tumours and norrnal tissue.This gives wide antigenic coverage.The vaccine is curative in mouse models and clinical versions of the vaccine, probably using adenovirus, are in development.We have identified the mechanisms by which resistance can develop to this viral vaccine and include strategies to avoid resistance in the viral vaccine development programme.