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Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most commonly occurring and malignant primary brain cancer.At the time of diagnosis, tumor cells have spread as far as the contralateral hemisphere, and despite combined treatment with surgery, irradiation and chemotherapy, median survival is typical 12 months in unselected materials.We have earlier demonstrated that neural stem cells from the adult human brain (ahNSCs) may differentiate into functional neurons (Moe Met al, Neurosurgery, 2005, 56:1182;Brain 2005, 128, 2189, Exp Cell Res 2003, 289, 378).By using the techniques developed to study neural stem cells it is possible to isolate cells from human glioblastoma that can be propagated as spheres.These cells can differentiate into cells with glial and neuronal characteristics.Interestingly, the proliferative capacity of the cells is profoundly reduced upon differentiation.When transplanted to rodents, ahNSCs differentiate in neural and glial direction and seeks to re-populate injuried brain regions when (Olstorn H et al, Neurosurgery 2007, 60, 1089 and 2011, 68, 213) whereas GBM stem cells cultivated under identical conditions regenerates the infiltrative human cancer in the rodent brain (Varghese et al, Neurosurgery 2008, 63, 1022).Comparison of these two stem cell types identifies pathways that are dysregulated in brain cancer.Further, the identification of GSCs has led us to the development of a new form of immunotherapy where we make tailored vaccines against the individual patients own GSCs.The first results from this protocol will be presented.