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Recent studies have shown that substance P (SP) mediates multiple activities in various cell types, such as cell proliferation, anti-apoptotic response, and inflammatory process.This study investigated the effects of SP, NK1 antagonist and DKK1 on proliferation of bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSCs) as well as the underlying mechanism.We exposed isolated BMSCs to SP (10-8 M), SP + NK1 antagonist (10-7 M), SP + DKK1 (0.2 μg/ml) (experimental groups), and the same amount of PBS (control group).