Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of single-stage posterior debridement,compact bone grafting and posterior single-segment fixation for the treatment of mono-segmental lumbar tuberculosis.Methods: We enrolled 32 patients with mono-segmental lumbar tuberculosis from January 2005 to April 2011.The severity of damage to the vertebral bodies is not more than 2/3 height.All the patients were treated by single-stage posterior debridement,compact bone grafting and posterior single-segment fixation.Results: Patients were followed 21-63 months (43.5 ± 9.5 months).The average Cobb angle decreased to 5.3 ± 3.0 postoperatively from 22.1 ± 6.1° preoperatively.Meanwhile,average 1.8 ± 1.0° loss was observed at last visit.Fusion occurred at 3-9 months (mean 5.1 months).All patients with preoperative neurologic deficit recovered in different degree.1 with grade B recovered to grade D;2 with grade C recovered to grade E;18 with grade D recovered to grade E.No mortality occurred.One patient experienced anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver dysfunction which was managed successfully with modified anti-TB treatment and hepato-protective treatment.The Oswestry Disability Index decreased from 40.1 ±4.0 preoperatively to 13.7 ± 3.1 postoperatively.Conclusions: Single-stage posterior debridement,compact bone grafting and posterior single-segment fixation is an effective method for the treatment of mono-segmental lumbar tuberculosis.