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Background Adiponectin produced by adipose tissue, which is involved in complex disease related to obesity, such as cancer.Genetic variations in ADIPOQ are thought to influence the activity of adiponectin, thus relating to cancer occurrence.However, epidemiological results were inconsistent.To examine this controversy, we assessed reported studies of association between ADIPOQ polymorphisms and cancer risk.Materials and methods Relevant studies were selected by PUBMED, EMBASE to January 12th, 2012.According to the acceptance and exclusion criteria, 15 studies involved three polymorphisms (rs266729, rs2241766, rs1501299) of ADIPOQ were included.Summary odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effect or fixed-effect models based on the heterogeneity of included studies.Results A total of 15 case-control studies related rs266729 (5,615 cases and 6,425 controls), rs2241766 (5,318 cases and 6,118 controls) and rs1501299 (3,751 cases and 5,104 controls) were included to analyze the ADIPOQ polymorphisms and cancer risk.For rs1501299, T allele was associated with decreased cancer risk.In addition, cancer type subgroup analysis revealed T allele was associated with decreased colorectal and prostate cancer risk.Ethnicity subgroup analysis observed a decreased risk in both Asian and Caucasian descendents.As to rs2241766, a boundary decreased cancer risk was observed.Conclusions This meta-analysis indicated T allele of rs1501299 was an obvious protection factor for cancer risk, and G allele of rs2241766 was a potential protection factor for cancer risk, especially in Caucasian descendents.Further studies should be performed to clarify the roles of ADIPOQ polymorphisms in the cancer risk.