Based on the index measurement, this paper carries out the measurement and ranking order of 31 provincial governments efficiency in China from 2001 to 2010(including autonomous regions and municipalities).Comparative analysis is conducted among Chinas eastern, central and western regions in terms of provincial governments efficiency and influencing factors.The results suggest relatively large disparity between central and western regions and eastern regions in this regard.Thus, local governments should constantly enhance governments efficiency to improve residents well-being and regional economy.