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The genetic diversity and population genetic structure of Nibea albiflora were investigated using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences.A total of 108 individuals from four localities around the China Sea were included in the analysis.Overall, 21 polymorphic sites were observed and 19 haplotypes were defined.The N.albiflora populations were characterized by medium/high haplotype diversity (0.580-0.815) and low nucleotide diversity (0.00125-0.00219).Analysis of neutral evolution and mismatch distribution implied that N.albiflora might have experienced a recent population expansion.Pairwise fixation index (Fst) analysis indicated significant genetic differentiation among populations from different localities.The hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) analysis also showed significant genetic divergence (st=0.0233, P<0.01) among these populations.The present results suggest that N.albiflora populations around the China Sea have developed significantly divergent genetic structures.This study provides new information for genetic assessment and will be crucial for establishing fisheries management and strategies for this species.