Among various polymers, rubbers are high molecular weight polymeric materials, which possess very low inter-chain attraction, have glass transition temperature lower than room temperature and are predominantly amorphous in nature with low green strength.They invariably need fillers like carbon black and silica to improve the mechanical and other properties of the composites.For example, addition of 50 parts of carbon black can raise the tensile strength of styrene butadiene rubber from 1 MPa to 20 MPa.However, due to depletion of fossil fuel and stringent criteria required in modern vehicle and other rubber applications, further improvement of properties at lower filler loading and imparting special properties are demanded.In the recent years, more attention has been paid towards nanofillers, where the dimension of the fillers is of the order of nanometer (1-100 nm).Clay, silica, graphene and hydroxyapatite filled nanocomposites have been reported extensively from our laboratory.Rubber-clay nanocomposites have been prepared by modification of the naturally occurring Na-montmorillonite clay followed by mixing with rubber.Intercalation and or exfoliation of the clay layers and their combination, which depend on a number of factors, have been observed in styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR), polybutadiene rubber (BR), brominated polyisobutylene-co-paramethylstyrene rubber (BIMS), ethyleneoctene copolymers and thermoplastic elastomers.The average dimension (i.e.the width) of the clay layers ranges from 10-60 nm in the hybrid nanocomposite, as observed by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy studies.Significant improvement in mechanical, dynamic mechanical and barrier properties has been obtained with these clay filled rubber nanocomposites even at very low filler concentration.It has been observed that fillers, which are not normally useable, can be made useful by certain modification.It is reported that change in the interlayer spacing of clay by intercalating long chain molecules or by grafting with different functional groups results in a change from hydrophilic to hydrophobic nature and a wide range of new and fascinating properties.Hence, the modification of clay is now an immense interest in the preparation of rubber-clay nanocomposites.However, the nanolayers of the clay tend to stack face to face leading to agglomerated tactoids in nanocomposites, which may negate the properties of the individual components.The dispersion of the tactoids into discrete monolayers is further hindered by the intrinsic incompatibility of hydrophilic clay and hydrophobic engineering polymers.Therefore, proper dispersion of these nanostructures in a polymer matrix is essential for the improvement in material properties compared with pristine polymer or conventional micro-and macro-composites.It has been demonstrated that unique properties like tack, abrasion resistance and permeability are significantly improved by the addition of a few percent of the nanoclays.Recent global interest in the wonder graphitic materials has attracted our interest in their modification and use in rubber.Properties which were not easily achievable could be obtained by manipulating the structure of these materials.