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Current paradigms for mechanisms of plant disease resistance emphasize expression of R gene products or MAMP receptors that mediate pathogen detection,causing cell wall reinforcement,pro-duction of antimicrobial compounds,and in some cases,hypersensitive response (HR) cell death.Paradigms are less well developed for mechanisms of plant defense against biotrophic pathogens that overcome preformed plant defenses,escape detection by R gene products,and secrete effectors that block other typical plant immune responses.