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Redox homeostasis in cells is crucial for the function of biomacromolecules.Oxidative stress is known to mediate many cellular signal transduction in physiological and pathological processes,however,the biological effects and mechanisms of reductive stress(RS,an abnormal increase in electron pressure or reducing equivalents(GSH/GSSG; NADH/NAD+; NADPH/NADP+)are still poorly understood.