Aim: To investigate the significance of the nuclear factor-kappaB(NF-κB)expression and the serum tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)levels in children with Kawasaki disease(KD).Methods: 28 patients with KD,Including 15 patients with Coronary artery lesions(The diagnosis was based on the criteria revised by the MCLS Committee in Japan),22 patients suffering from fever without KD and 20 healthy children were recruited in the study.The sex,and age of the patients in the three groups are basically comparable.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to detect the serum TNF-α levels.The mono-nuclear cells and the CD14 standard measure mononuclear cells were separated by Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation,and the NF-κB expression was detected by flow cytometry.Results: Comparing with other groups,The expression of NF-κB and the serum TNF-α levels are significantly higher in children with Kawasaki disease(KD)(p<0.05).In the group of patients with KD,The expression of NF-κB and the serum TNF-α levels are higher in the children with Coronary artery lesions,the differences were statistically significant(p<0.05).The expression of NF-κB and the serum TNF-α levels have obvious correlation.Conclusion: The expression of NF-κB and the serum TNF-α levels are the useful indicators in the evaluation of the children with Kawasaki disease,which will provide new therapeutic target of KD.