Przewalskis gazelle (Procapra przewalskii) is an endangered species and is endemic to the Qinghai Lake area of China.Understanding the vigilant behavior of and the threats to the gazelle is a key to the conservation and restoration of Przewalskis gazelle.A study was conducted from October 2005 to August 2006 to investigate the behavior of and threats faced by Przewalskis gazelle.The results showed that female gazelles were more vigilant than males while feeding as expressed by the rate of looking-up (Mann-Whitney test,Z=2.475,p=0.013,n1=20,n2=17),which may have implications for the different feeding strategies adopted by the two sexes.The group size had marginally negative effects on individual vigilance levels (r=0.296,F=3.362,p=0.075,n=37),and the gazelles were very alert to human disturbance and were ready to escape into the deep sand areas.Fences in pastures are believed to be a major threat to the survival and restoration of gazelle populations in the Qinghai Lake region.A social survey demonstrated that it was possible and feasible to modify the fences (e.g.lowering the fences,removing thorn,etc.) and even to remove some fences with necessary compensation and support from the government.Some measures and actions were proposed accordingly to conserve the populations of Przewalskis gazelle.