The dimension of alveolar ridge is decreased by bone atrophy and pneumatization of the maxillary sinus after loss of teeth in the posterior maxilla.Various osteo-conductive materials have been used to augment the sinus floor,but materials are cells free.Attempts use mesenchymal stem cells combination with an osteoconductive scaffold.Adult stem cells that can be derived from various tissues,including bone marrow,umbilical cord,fat,dental pulp and gingival tissue.This study was to isolate human mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)from the gingiva(GMSCs)and confirm their multiple differentiation potentials.GMSCs culture were analyzed for cell shape,cell cycle,colony-forming unit-fibroblast(CFU-F)and stem cell markers.Cells were then induced for osteogenic,chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation and analyzed for differentiation markers(mineralization nodule formation and Runx2,ALP,osteocalcin(OCN)and collagen Ⅰ expressions for the osteogenic differentiation,and lipid vacuole formation and PPARγ-2 expression for the adipogenic differentiation,and proteoglycans(PGs)formation and collagen II,aggrecan expression for the chondrogenic differentiation).This study aimed to examine for different bone grafts combination gingival derived mesenchymal stem cells(GMSCs)in bone regeneration potential application.GMSCs seeded onto the bone grafts(TCP,ProSorb,BioOss).The proliferation status of GMSCs in different scaffolds was analyzed,and the osteogenetic efficacy was evaluated after osteogenic induction.In vivo transplantation,after 6 weeks implants were harvested and paraffin section subsequently processed for H&E staining and immunohistochemical analysis.Immunohistochemical staining show that osteopontin(OPN)and type Ⅰ collagen were at high levels in experimental group compared with control group.The results demonstrated that GMSCs bad the osteogenic potential in sinus floor augmentation.