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近现代欧洲的大多数社会冲突是与欧洲历史发展的两大趋势——政治现代化和人民争取获得更充分公民权利或人权的斗争有关。政治现代化要求国家权力的集中和民主化。封建阶级和新兴资产阶级对这一历史要求的抵制引发激烈的阶级斗争。另一方面,民众为争取获得应有的市民权利、政治权利和社会权利的斗争也贯穿18—20世纪。对现代社会冲突的解释还有所谓“后阶级”理论。本文对这些社会冲中突的背景和性质进行简略的讨论,并且注意到欧洲在化解社会冲突,建立一个较为和谐的社会方面的经验。
Most social conflicts in modern Europe are related to the two major trends in the development of history in Europe - political modernization and the struggle of peoples to obtain more adequate civil or human rights. Political modernization requires the concentration and democratization of state power. The resistance of the feudal class and the emerging bourgeoisie to this historic request triggered a fierce class struggle. On the other hand, the people’s struggle for the due rights of the citizens, political rights and social rights also runs through the 18th and 20th centuries. The explanation of the conflicts in modern society also has the so-called “post-class” theory. This article briefly discusses the background and nature of these social conflicts and notes the European experience in resolving social conflicts and establishing a more harmonious society.