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The concept of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or Extracorporeal life support system (ECLS) emerged in the 1960s.ECMO is a treatment in critical clinical medicine that uses a pump to circulate blood through an artificial lung back into the bloodstream of a very ill patient.Since 1970s ECMO has been instituted to support patients suffering life—threatening respiratory or cardiac or cardiopulmonary failures after all medical treatment options have been exhausted.Historically,most of ECMO indications are commonly limited to short—term support.The survival of ECMO therapy varies between children and adult patients.The effectiveness and efficacy of ECMO therapy in clinical medicine have been reviewed extensively and well documented in the literature.The Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) (http://www.elsonet.org/) maintains a registry of use of ECMO reported by active ELSO centers.The ESLO reporting centers include those in the United States and countries in the five continents.As of June 2012,50,667 cases have been reported in the ELSO register.The trend of the ECMO support in seven major indications over the last two decades is summarized in the chart.