The intracellular transport is fundamental for neuronal morphogenesis and functioning.To elucidate the mechanism we have identified and characterized kinesin superfamily proteins, KIFs, by molecular cell biology, molecular genetics, biophysics and structural biology.KIFs transport cargoes such as synaptic vesicle precursors (KIF 1A/KIF 1B beta), mitochondria (KIF 1A alpha/KIF5), NMDA receptor (KIF 17), AMPA receptor (KIF5) and mRNA with a large protein complex (KIF5) in the axon and dendrites.KIFs recognize their own cargoes mostly through scaffold or adaptor protein complexes and release cargoes by phosphorylation of KIFs or through GTP hydrolysis of Rab protein in cargoes.Further, we elucidated significant unexpected functions of KIFs.