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Due to the rich stroma content and poor blood perfusion,pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDA)is a tough cancer that can hardly be effectively treated by chemotherapeutic drugs.In the present study,cyclopamine was applied to regulate the tumor microenvironment(TM)of PDA to enhance photo-thermotherapy of erythrocytemembrane-coated gold-nanorods(MGNRs)(Figure 1).