Purpose phyllostachys praecox is one of the bamboo species used for the production of fine edible bamboo shoots and is widely distributed in Souhern China.To maintain or increase the productivity of bamboo shoots,P.praecox forests are intensively managcd through heavy fertilization and surface mulch of organic residues such as ricc husk to increase soil temperature in the winter.Such management techniques can markedly influence soil quality and the dyvamics of soil carhon (C).The objectives of this study were to investigate the long-term impact of intensive management practices on carbon pools and formS in the soil of bamboo forests and explore relationships between different soil organic C fractions,as little such information is cucrently available.Materialds and methods In this study we use a chronose- quence (consisting of bamboo forests 1.5,10,and 15 years under intensive management) approach to investigate the long-term impact of intensive bamboo forest management on water- soluble organic C(WSOC),hot water-soluble organic C (HWSOC),microbial biomass C (MBC),and readily oxidiz- able C (ROC) as well as soil organic C chemistry using the 13C-nuclcar magnetic resonance (NMR) technique.Resultsd and discussion Total soil organic C,WSOC,HWSOC,and ROC increased with time under intensive management,while MBC initially incrcased then de- crcased.Solid state NMR spectroseopy of soil samples showed that alkyl C and O-alkyl C dominated soil organic C in the intensively managed bamboo forests,alkyl C content and alkyl C to O-alkyl C ratio incrcased,aromacic C content,and aromaticity of organic matter decreascd.While O-alkyl C did not change as duration under intensive management in creased.The WSOC and total soil O- alkyl C contents were positively correlated: indicating that O-alkyl C may be the main component of WSOC,consistent with solution 13C-NMR spectroscopy for WSOC in which O- alkyl C dominated the WSOC fraction regardless of the treatment.Organic matter aromaticity was negatively correlated with HWSOC,indicating that aromaticity was a good indicator of soil organic C stability.Conclusions We conclude that long-term application of organic mulch over winter increased total soil organic C cntent but deereased its stability.Mulching of organic residues in intensively managed bamboo forests is benefi- cial in increasing the sequestration of organic C in those forest ccosystems.Future rescarch should address the impact of intensive management practices on water quality since the decreased stability of organic C increases the risk of its movement.