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The development and utilization of hybrid rice has made a great contribution to ensuring food sufficiency in China and worldwide.However,the traditional three-line hybrid rice system based on CMS (cytoplasmic male sterility) and two-line hybrid rice system based on thermo/photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterile (T/PGMS) lines suffer from limitation on germplasm utilization rate and the unpredictable influence of prevailing temperature and photoperiod conditions on the fertility of the T/PGMS lines during hybrid seed production.In addition,production of hybrid maize now mainly relies on hand or mechanical emasculation,which is very laborious and costly.