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Operation of nickel based solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) on hydrocarbon and biomass-derived fuels remains a critical challenge for SOFC commercialization,a key factor being the deactivating effect of various fuel impurities.To develop durable SOFCs that meet technological challenges,it is important to understand key issues relating to interaction of fuel components in SOFC anodes,critical operating parameters and the mechanisms for deactivation by fuel impurities.