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Aim: Sleep is regulated by two mechanisms: the homeostatic process and the circadian clock.Light affects sleep and alertness by entraining the circadian clock and acutely inducing sleep/alertness,in a manner mediated by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells.Because intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells are believed to be minimally sensitive to red light,red light is widely used for illumination to reduce the photic disturbance to nocturnal animals during the dark phase.However,the appropriate intensity of the red light is unknown.