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The vagus nerve can control inflammatory response through a cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway ,which is mediated by the α7nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) on macrophages.However, the intracellular mechanisms that link α7nAChR activation and proinflammatory cytokine production remain not well understood.In this study, we found that miR124 is upregulated by cholinergic agonists in LPSexposed cells and mice.Utilizing miR124 mimic and siRNA knockdown, we demonstrated that miR124 is a critical mediator for the cholinergic antiinflammatory action.Furthermore, our data indicated that miR124 modulates LPSinduced cytokine production by targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) to decrease IL6 production and TNFα converting enzyme (TACE) to reduce TNFα release.These results also indicate that miR124 is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.