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Objectives Vascular peroxidase 1 (VPO1) is a new heme-containing peroxidase, which can utilise hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generated from co-expressed NADPH oxidase (NOX) to produce hypochlorous acid (HOCI) and catalyse peroxidative reactions.Our previous studies had found that NOX/VPO1 pathwaymediated oxidative stress plays an important role in myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury, endothelial cell apoptosis and/or smooth muscle cell proliferation.