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HCMV is the most significant viral cause of birth defects.Congenital HCMV infection causes central nervous system (CNS) structural abnormalities such as microencephaly and hydrocephalus, mostly symptomatic at birth, and functional disorders including sensorineural hearing loss, mental retardation, learning disabilities and seizures, mostly asymptomatic at birth.Infections asymptomatic at birth subsequently can develop brain disorders including mental retardation and sensorineural hearing loss.A possible mechanism for the latter infections is persistent infection.