The XUV monochromator beamline installed at the vacuum ultra-violet free-electron laser FLASH [1] in Hamburg is a high-resolution plane grating monochromato
Multi-photon processes in the optical regime are investigated since decades.The advent of extreme ultraviolet (EUV)and X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs), with f
There have been continuous efforts aiming at obtaining x-ray lasers at shorter and shorter wavelengths in the long history of laser technology [1].The possibili
With the recent development of laser technology few-cycle laser pulses are routinely produced for a wide range of photon frequencies.At high field intensities,
Saturable absorption was recently observed in transmission measurements above the LII,III edge of pure A1 thin films using ultra short x-ray pulses at a fre
Irradiation of molecules with intense ultra-short laser pulses can give rise to dissociative ionization.The molecule will be tunneling ionized followed by a sub
High-order harmonic generation (HHG) is an important tool to generate an isolated attosecond pulse and image the electronic orbits of atoms and molecules[1,2].I
The real-time measurement of the transient molecular structure is one of the goals of the physicists and chemists.The routine method is ultrafast X-ray scatteri
A laser beam focussed onto a planar solid target will result in the formation and evolution of a highly energetic and transient plasma plume [1].If the laser pu