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Background: Similar to animals, plants highly rely on the immune system as a defense against pathogens.It is well established that plants can perceive pathogenic invasions by detecting extracellular pathogen-specific molecules using transmembrane receptors, which results in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), or by recognizing intracellular virulence proteins using resistant (R) proteins, which leads to effector-triggered immunity (ETI).However, the downstream immune responses that distinguish PTI and ETI are largely unknown.