Bacteria and fungi vary considerably in modulating carbon cycling,thusunderstanding their responses to climate changes is key to predictfuture carbon cycling.Since the current trend of global warming coherently causes range shifts toward higher latitudes,we conducted three reciprocal soil transplant experiments over large transects in 2005 to simulate climate changes.Microbial biomass,community composition and functional gene inventories of bacteria and fungi were examined six years later.Strikingly,fungal communities of transplanted soil adapted to local environment,whereasbacterial communities remained resistant to soil transplant.In addition,6.4-14.4% of fungal genes encoding carbon-decomposing enzymes were significantly (P< 0.01) changed,larger than those from bacteria (4.8-12.1%).To explain it,we found that fungal occupancy across samples was mainly determined by annual average air temperature and rainfall,whereas bacterial occupancy was more related tosoil conditions,which was largely unchanged by soil transplant.In afurther effort to explain fungal sensitivity to temperature,our literature survey of~1000 isolated strains showed that the optimal growth temperature range of most fungi (18-25 ℃) was lower than that of most bacteria (30-37℃),unveiling a stronger sensitivity of fungi in the range of 25-30 ℃ corresponding to the temperature range in this study.Collectively,we demonstrate distinct response patterns and resource partitioning between bacteria and fungi,which may have large consequences for ecosystem-scale carbon cycling.