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明代科举制度更加严密与完善,在科名竞争近乎残酷的背景下,士子乃至整个社会的科举心态和精神风貌,是个值得探讨的问题。由明代顾祖训撰、黄应澄绘图的《状元图考》,是研究明代科举的重要文献,书中收录了明洪武四年(1371年)辛亥科到万历三十五年(1607年)丁未科共五十六位状元的上百种科举梦例和奇闻逸事,并附有七十六幅梦境图绘,此书集中形象地反映出明代社会士人科名前定的文化心态。这种文化心态不仅反映了在专制政治统治下,最高统治者在选举中的随意性增加了科选过程中的复杂性、偶然性,而且说明在科名竞争残酷激烈,地域经济文化不平衡、政治选拔与知识选拔难以兼顾等诸多因素影响下,科考结果无法预测,士人只能在无奈中以科名前定观聊以自慰。当然,不可否认科名前定思想在客观上也起到劝善的积极作用。
In the Ming Dynasty, the imperial examination system was more strict and perfected. Under the background of near cruelty in the competition of scientific name, the imperial examination mentality and mental outlook of scholars and even the whole society were worth discussing. From the Ming Dynasty GU Zu xun, Huang Yingcheng map of the “first element map test” is an important imperial examination of the Ming Dynasty literature, the book contains the Ming Hongwu four years (1371) Xinhai Branch to Wanli thirty-five years (1607) Hundreds of 56 first-class scholarship cases and anecdotes, along with seventy-six dream maps, collectively reflect the cultural mentality of Ming Dynasty social scholars. This cultural mentality not only reflects the complexity and contingency of the supreme ruler in the election under the autocratic political rule, but also shows that in the competition of the subject name is brutal, the regional economy and culture are unbalanced, the politics Under the influence of many factors such as selection and selection of knowledge, it is impossible to predict the results of scientific research. Of course, it is undeniable that the preconceived notion of Section name also objectively plays a positive role in persuading good.