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Objectives: Stem cells provide potential treatment for Parkinson' s disease (PD).Since human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) have been reported to have multipotent ability and low immunogenicity, we have transplanted the hUC-MSCs to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced rat model of PD to explore therapeutic effects of hUC-MSCs for Parkinson' s disease (PD).Methods: The rat PD model was induced by injection of 6-OHDA in the substantia nigra of the middle brain.5X105 cells of hUC-MSCs were transplanted to the PD rats by injecting cells to the striatum at the same side as the lesion side of the middle brain and the neurological behavior tests of the PD rats was measured at 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks after transplantation.Immunostaining was used to analyze the cell migration and neural differentiation of hUC-MSCs in vivo.Results:After measurement of the locomotive behaviors of the 6-OHDA-induced PD rats, the confirmed PD rats were randomly grouped into 2 groups: Group of hUC-MSC transplantation and group of sham-control.We found that transplanted hUC-MSCs significantly improved the locomotive activities and have neuroprotective effects in rat PD models.hUC-MSC cells were found to survive and integrate into the brain of transplanted PD rats and differentiated into neurons and dopamine neurons in vivo.The potential molecular mechanism of hUC-MSC transplantation in improving motor deficits of PD rats is mediated by cell replacement,secretion of neurotrophic factors and release of immune-cytokines through transplanted hUC-MSCs.Conclusion: hUC-MSC has potentials to be used as stem cell source for the transplantation therapy of PD as these cells have neuroprotective role to improve the movement deficits of the 6-OHDA rat model.