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Chronic hepatitis B was characterized by fluctuant immune response to infected hepatocytes resulting in hepatic inflammation and virus persistence.Recently,Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 have been demonstrated to play an essential role in balancing antiviral immunity and inflammation in the livers of acute hepatitis B patients,significantly influencing disease outcome.PD-1 upregulation in peripheral T cells is associated with immune dysfunction in chronic hepatitis B patients.