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宋代的士大夫以政治主体自居,在传统中国形成了一种独特的“士大夫政治”。“士大夫政治”之说潜在地将士大夫视作一个统一的整体,但是,在实际的政治运行中,自北宋建立伊始,士大夫内部即常有分歧与冲突,乃至引发党争。在北宋中期,由于政治思想、南北地域、学术师承等差异,士大夫逐渐分裂成不同的政治集团。在以濮议为中心的英宗朝礼制论争中,学术多元化与政治斗争纠缠在一起,进一步加剧了士大夫集团的这种分化。随后王安石变法之一元化与正统化的追求,正是针对此一局面而发的。
In the Song Dynasty, the literati and doctor took the political subject as their own, forming a unique “political doctor” in traditional China. In the actual political operation, since the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, there often existed disagreements and conflicts within the scholarly family and even led to the party struggle. In the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, due to differences in political thinking, North and South regions, and academic commitment, Scholar-officials gradually split into different political groups. In the controversy of imperialism toward the imperial court headed by Pu, the pluralism of politics and the political struggle are entangled, further aggravating the division of the group of scholars. Wang Anshi’s subsequent reform and the pursuit of a unitary and orthodox, it is precisely for this situation and made.