With the increased use of engineered nanomaterials such as ZnO and CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs),these materials will inevitably be released into the environment, with unknown consequences.In addition, the potential storage of these NPs or their biotransformed products in edible/reproductive organs of crop plants can cause them to enter into the food chain, and the next plant generation.Few reports thus far have addressed the entire life cycle of plants grown in NP-contaminated soil.