Effects of roads (including highway and trails) on wildlife conservation (Rhinopithecus bieti and Pseudois schaeferi) in Northwest Yunnan are discussed in this paper.Highway construction could be an important factor contributing to the degradation ofR.bietis habitat and population isolation.Total length of highway has increased from 1642 to 3004 km in 6 counties of Northwest Yunnan between 1982 and 2002.More highways have been constructed in the southern counties,which is consistent with the extinction pattern of R.bietis subpopulation from south to north.Besides highways,trails also impact the habitat of wildlife.There was a significant difference in trail densities between cells that P.schaeferi used and those they did not use (Z =-4.394,p =0.000) in Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve.Conservation actions that focus on local community development that include the construction of new roads will have negative effects on wildlife and their habitat.Thus conservation strategies in mountainous area such as Northwest Yunnan should be reevaluated.