Voltage-gated sodium (Nay) channels play key roles in induction, transmission,transduction of pathological pain.Nay channels are composed of a pore-forming
Among the nine VGSC subtypes, Nav1.7 and Nav1.8 are attractive therapeutic targets for pains.However, the heterologous expression of Nav1.8 in mammalian cel
It is well known that the potassium channels (as a kind of shield), are widely blocked or inhibited by the peptide toxins (as a kind of spear) from venomous
About twenty years ago, the OECD initiated discussions on the necessary validation of in vitro test methods intended to replace existing in vivo Test Guidel
Chemical risk assessment involves the weighing of diverse sources of information within specific decision contexts to reach conclusions about the safety or