Results from clinical trials have shown that some cancer patients had dramatic responses following immune interventions.However, the response rates have been low, likely because the strategies pursued to date have not address the following four challenges: 1) poor activation of the innate immune responses; 2) "bad inflammatory" responses in tumor microenvironment that promote tumor growth and angiogenesis; 3) immunosuppression posed by regulatory T cells that are maintained by antigen-presenting cells and tumor cells with the tumor microenvironments; and 4) inability to generate and maintain long lived anti-tumor effector and memory T cells.