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In Spite of the fact that Wurtz has isolated n-Butanol already in 1852 and Pasteur produce it first in 1861 by fermentation it has not yet gained the importance of other biofuels (i.e.ethanol).By 1914, Fernbach and Weizmann had found organism which could ferment various raw materials to Butanol and Acetone.The World War Ⅰ created a large interest for acetone (for the production of explosive cordite) with the co-production of large amount of butanol.After World War Ⅰ new products made from butanol (i.e.butylacetate) created a considerable interest in the production of butanol with the co-production of acetone.New non-fermentive processes for the production of butanol replaced practically totally the fermentive ABE-production production after 1935.Since nearly 20 years there is again a new interest in the fermentative production of butanol as a platform chemical for the chemical industry and as a biofuel.Butanol has various advantages over other biofuels (i.e.bioethanol etc.) however the production of butanol is still more cost intensive than for bioethanol.New technological developments are opening the potential for a considerable reduction of cost and the utilization of cheap raw materials (including lignocellulosic raw materials).This paper will show the state of art of butanol production from renewable raw materials and the potential of ongoing developments.If the ongoing developments will be successful the production cost of butanol will be well below the production cost of ethanol.Lower Production costs and the interesting characteristics of butanols opens the potential that butanol may replace to a large part but not totally ethanol as a biofuel.