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Legumes are especially sensitive to low phosphorus (P) availability because that biological N fixation has a high P requirement, and thus low P availability becomes a primary limitation to the production of leguminous crops in the world.Developing P-efficient varieties that can efficiently utilize native P and added P in soils would be a sustainable and economical approach.Root architecture and exudation have been proved critical for P acquisition in plants.Here, we summarize results from field, greenhouse and laboratory experiments to investigate the morphological, physiological and genetic mechanisms underlying P efficiency which are related to better tolerance to low P availability, and genetic strategies to improve P efficiency in legumes with several examples from the transgenic studies.