Aerosol is an important component in atmosphere; its source, composition, distribution and effects are very complicated. Aerosol has been paid much attention by governments and scientists and has become a hot problem due to its important role in climate change and earth environment. In this paper, the importance of aerosol in climate change, atmospheric environment, and human health is summarized; the recent serious problems of aerosol pollution and shortage of current aerosol research in China are pointed out; the necessary to enhance aerosol research in China is also emphasized.