Imperial China used an empire-wide system of examinations to select civil servants.Using a semiparametric matching-based difference-in-differences estimator,we show that the persecution of scholar-officials led to a decline in the number of examinees at the provincial and prefectural level.To explore the long-run impact of literary inquisitions we employ a model to show that persecutions could reduce the provision of basic education and have a lasting effect on human capital accumulation.Using the 1982 census we find that literary inquisitions reduced literacy by between 2.25 and 4 percentage points at a prefectural level in the early 20th century.This corresponds to a 69% increase in the probability of an individual being illiterate.Prefectures affected by the literary inquisition had a higher proportion of workers in agriculture until the 1990s.