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In plants,methylation catalyzed by HEN1 (small RNA methyl transferase) prevents small RNAs from degradation triggered by uridylation.How methylation antagonizes uridylation of small RNAs in vivo is largely unknown.We previously identified HESO1,a non-canonical poly(A) polymerase (ncPAP),is a major enzyme responsiblefor the uridylation of small RNAs in Arabidopsis.