Cryotherapy techniques date back as far as the mid-1800s, when James Arnott demonstrated the effectiveness of salt/ice mixtures in palliation of breast, uterine, and skin cancers.Subsequent advances saw the use of liquid air and solid carbon dioxide in the treatment of various conditions, particularly benign dermatologic lesions.Cooper and Lee introduced the first automated cryosurgical apparatus cooled by circulating liquid nitrogen in 1961 and initially used it for treating neuromuscular disorders.