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The paradigm of health shifted from simply "living a longer life" to a "living a healthier and longer life" in the 21st century, enabled by technical advancements and economic improvements in most countries.At the same time, public health was confronted with increasing medical costs and health disparities.Hence, the rational solution was to unravel the problem beforehand at its causal origin, by preventing diseases before occurrence.Molecular epidemiology used techniques of molecular biology in epidemiologic studies was introduced in the study of cancer for over 30 years.