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皮凯蒂的《21世纪资本论》既是对资本主义社会的批判,也是对主流经济学界的直接挑战。它对过去三百年间资本主义世界的收入结构变化、当今社会不平等加剧的趋势和“遗产型资本主义”回归做了生动而又系统的阐述。学界往往只关注《21世纪资本论》中对不平等的实质性讨论,没有关注他在方法论上的思考和对主流经济学,即新古典主义的批判。其实,无论是对储蓄和投资还是增长和分配,主流经济学都已形成了自己的标准解释,如“库兹涅茨曲线”、“人力资本假说”、“时间偏好理论”、“叠代周期储蓄模型”、“平衡增长理论”等等,正是这些理论模型使得分配问题边缘化,或者对资本主义社会的收入分配做出过于乐观的推测。《21世纪资本论》主张经济理论应该回归历史,并与社会学、政治学、文学和哲学等社会科学结合,走出自我封闭的数理象牙塔和自我膨胀的经济学帝国主义,既对资本主义制度进行批判,也对主流经济学的意识形态进行批判。在这个意义上,它是21世纪的《资本论》。
Picatty’s “21st Century Capital Theory” is not only a critique of capitalist society, but also a direct challenge to mainstream economics circles. It vividly and systematically elaborates the changes in the income structure of the capitalist world in the past three centuries, the trend of increasing social inequality and the return of “heritage-based capitalism.” Scholars often focus only on the substantive discussion of inequality in “Capitalism in the 21st Century”, failing to pay attention to his methodological thinking and critique of mainstream economics, neoclassicalism. In fact, mainstream economics has formed its own standard explanation both for savings and investment growth and distribution, such as “Kuznets Curve ”, “human capital hypothesis ”, “time preference theory It is these theoretical models that marginalize the distribution problem or make overly optimistic assumptions about the distribution of income in capitalist society. The theory of capital in the 21st century advocates that economic theory should return to history and integrate itself with the social sciences of sociology, politics, literature and philosophy and out of the self-enclosed mathematical ivory tower and the self-expanding economic imperialism. Both the capitalist system Criticism also criticizes the ideology of mainstream economics. In this sense, it is the ”capital theory" of the 21st century.