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Most of the scientific data available on individual differences in the response to drugs in humans centers on SNPs in the CYP enzymes.Some information is available on individual differences in drug responses due to SNPs in phase-Ⅱ enzymes, and even less is known about individual differences in transporters resulting in variation in drug responses.This lecture will center primarily on (1) the importance of drug transporters in personalized medicine, (2) the molecular mechanism of how microsomal enzyme inducers alter drug responses, (3) and differences in the maturation of transporters in newborn laboratory animals.Both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms for these changes will be presented.