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Objective Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been increasingly employed in psychiatric clinical practice to aid diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD),yet it has not been clinically validated.This article systematically reviewed the evidence from observational studies of the use of NIRS in MDD.The purpose of the review was to investigate differences in brain hemodynamic responses during cognitive activation tasks as continuously monitored by NIRS between MDD patients and comparable healthy controls,and to clarify the characteristic pattern of prefrontal lobe activity in MDD patients.