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Artificial intelligence systems，machine learning improves system performance automatically from experience.provides tools for intelligent data analysis.learning task category：supervised learning、partially supervised learning、reinforcement learning、unsupervised learning.a typical formulation：value function approximation directly find the parameters of the policy.supervised/partially supervised learning.machine learning=representation + evaluation + optimization.highly complex functions vs. gradient-based methods，relax to convex problems，convex loss functions are noise-sensitive [Long and Servedio, MLJOO]，convex regularizations are not consistent [Fan and Li, JASAO1]，hard to be relaxed.