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Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a growth hormone-dependent growth factor.IGF-1 is bound to its binding proteins (IGFBPs),especially IGF1-BP3.Increased expression of IGF-1,IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) have been shown for several malignancies.But the information is lacking on the role of IGF-1,IGF-1R and IGFBP3 during medullary thyroid carcinoma.Our objective in this study was to determine levels of the mRNA and immunohistochemistry of IGF-1,its receptor (IGF-1Rα) and IGFBP3 in 49medullary thyroid carcinoma patients and in 5 non-neoplastic thyroid patients by semiquantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry.The results showed that:(1) the mRNA of IGF-1,IGF-1Rα and IGFBP3 were weakly expressed in non-neoplastic thyroid specimens.(2) the mRNA of IGF-1 and its receptor were strongly expressed in MTCs of stage T3 and T4(P<0.05),while they were weakly expressed in stage T1 and T2,but IGFBP3 were reversely expressed.(3) upregulated IGF-1 mRNA and its receptor expression reflected the aggressiveness of the investigated MTC cases in this study (in stage T3 and T4).Besides,the mRNA expression of IGF-1,IGF-1Rαt and IGFBP3 profiled match the protein distribution,Our dates supported the suggestion that MTC tumor formation and progression are controlled by IGF-1;IGF-1 may play an important in C-cell carcinoma growth.