Neonicotinoids belong to a new,widely used class of pesticide,and are applied for agriculture,gardening,pine trees,lawns,animal health,and termite/pest control.With similar chemical structures to nicotine,neonicotinoids also share agonist activity at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs).Although their toxicities against insects are well established,their precise effects on mammalian nAChRs remain to be elucidated.