在传统中国,政治权力本身更多地将注意力集中在赋税和包括国内治安在内的国家安全问题上。国家极少关注各种公共行政职能的履行,公共服务和产品的供给不足,政治权力中也没有分化出后世所常见的公共警察、城市市政、市场管理乃至司法体系等。国家权力呈现着一种混沌一片、仅仅着力于保障统治者私利的状态。传统国家为社会发展和进步所提供的公共服务,无论从数量和质量上来说,都明显不足。明清以来,社会现实的发展激发出对于公共产品的高涨需求。作为保障民商事活动顺利、迅速开展的司法体系,仍然混杂在国家的政治权力之中。传统国家并非一直没有加强基层社会直接控制的愿望,而更多时候只是因为力不从心而已。落后的司法体系、捉襟 In traditional China, political power itself has focused more on taxes and national security issues, including domestic policing. The state pays little attention to the fulfillment of various public administration functions, the insufficiency of public services and product supply, and the political power does not differentiate public police, urban administration, market management and judicial system, which are common in future generations. State power presents a chaos, only focus on the protection of the ruler’s private interests. The public services provided by traditional countries for social development and progress have obviously been insufficient in quantity and quality. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the development of social reality has stimulated the rising demand for public goods. As a judicial system that guarantees smooth and rapid civil and commercial activities, it is still mixed with the political power of the country. The traditional state has not always failed to strengthen its desire for direct control by grass-roots units, but more often simply because of its lack of energy. Outdated system of justice, preoccupied