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In HPLC, the longer the path of a solute travels within the pores of the stationary phase, the stronger of stagnant mobile phase on column efficiency.This is described mathematically by the so-called "C term" of van Deemter equation.There are several ways to reduce the effect of stagnant mobile phase.To date, reducing particle size has been the strategy of column manufactures.Smaller particles will reduce the effect of stagnant mobile phase, but it is also related to increased column that may require expensive upgrades to new instrumentation.